Abstract Evidence suggests that contraceptives with estrogen and progesterone can affect bone mass. There are doubts as to what doses of these hormones are harmful. This review aims to find out whether there is a correlation between lower doses of estrogen (<30 μg) and decreased bone mass in adolescent women. This review showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the bone mineral density of adolescent women using contraceptives with lower estrogen formulations (<30 μg).

Resumo A evidência sugere que contracetivos com estrogénio e progesterona podem afetar a massa óssea. Existem dúvidas, a partir de que doses estas hormonas são prejudiciais. Esta revisão tem como objetivo perceber se existe uma correlação entre doses menores de estrogénio (<30 μg) e diminuição da massa óssea em mulheres adolescentes. Esta revisão demonstrou que não existem diferenças estatísticas significativas na densidade mineral óssea de mulheres adolescentes que utilizem contracetivos com formulações menores de estrogénio (<30 μg).

BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the most common microsporidia associated with different clinical manifestations such as diarrhoea, respiratory tract inflammation and acalculous cholecystitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Infection usually occurs by ingestion of food and water contaminated with spores, but can also result from direct contact with spores through broken skin, eye lesions, and sexual transmission, depending on the microsporidian species. Although there are reports of E. bieneusi found in humans and animals in Brazil, there are no published studies of environmental samples examined by molecular methods. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of E. bieneusi in raw sewage and treated effluent from a combined system by molecular methods. METHODS Raw sewage and treated effluent samples collected from a combined system were analysed for the presence of E. bieneusi using the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction. FINDINGS The analysis revealed E. bieneusi presence and a novel genotype (EbRB) in one raw sewage sample and one treated effluent. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The presence of E. bieneusi in final effluent indicates that the combined system may not remove microsporidian spores. This study is the first report of E. bieneusi in environmental samples in Brazil.

O objetivo deste artigo é tecer aproximações entre a obra 'Rasuras' da artista Edith Derdyk e o ato de escrever, considerando que ambos traçam linhas no espaço, marcam superfícies, fixam gestos e produzem sentidos. Esta relação se dará à luz do conceito de escritura de Barthes que evoca um dizer-experiência, próximo do que está acontecendo com aquele que escreve, causando um estranhamento na língua, ou seja, uma "rasura".

The purpose of this article is to establish links between the 'Rasuras' work of artist Edith Derdyk and the act of writing, considering that both draw lines in space, both mark surfaces, fix gestures and produce meanings. This relationship is seen under the concept of Barthes, scripture, that evokes a telling experience, close to what is happening to the one who writes, causing an estrangement in the language, or an erasure ('Rasura').